Memory involves encoding, storing, and retrieving information. Encoding transforms information into codes that create a memory trace stored in memory. There are two main types of memory stores - short term memory which can hold 7 +/- 2 items for up to 30 seconds, and long term memory which can hold memories for minutes to years without limit. Baddeley's model of working memory involves an attentional control system and two subsystems to support visual and verbal information. Levels of processing theory suggests that deeper processing of information results in stronger, more durable memories than shallow processing.
Levels Of Processing-Practice Effect, Mnemonics, Recall VS Recognitionsafi Ullah
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Levels Of Processing-Practice Effect, Mnemonics, Recall VS Recognition.. if there is something missing please feedback.. Thank u...
Levels Of Processing-Practice Effect, Mnemonics, Recall VS Recognitionsafi Ullah
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Levels Of Processing-Practice Effect, Mnemonics, Recall VS Recognition.. if there is something missing please feedback.. Thank u...
7MemoryRevised by Pauline Davey Zeece, University of N.docxsodhi3
7
Memory
Revised by Pauline Davey Zeece, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
Chapter Overview
Studying memory
Building memories: Encoding
Memory storage
Retrieval: Getting information out
Forgetting
Memory construction errors
Improving memory
Memory
Persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information
Information-processing model
Compares human memory to a computer’s operation
4
Stages in Information-Processing Model
Encoding
Getting information into the memory system
Storage
Retaining encoded information over time
Retrieval
Getting information out of memory storage
Information-Processing Model: Stages in Forming Memories
Recording to-be-remembered information as a fleeting sensory memory
Processing information into short-term memory, where it is encoded through rehearsal
Moving information into long-term memory for later retrieval
Sensory memory: Immediate and very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system
Short-term memory: Activated memory that holds a few items briefly before the information is stored or forgotten
Long-term memory: Relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system
Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences
6
Modified Three-Stage Processing Model of Memory
Atkinson and Shiffrin’s classic three-step model helps us to think about how memories are processed, but today’s researchers recognize other ways long-term memories form.
For example, some information slips into long-term memory via a “back door,” without our consciously attending to it (automatic processing).
And so much active processing occurs in the short-term memory stage that many now prefer to call that stage working memory.
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Working Memory
Newer understanding of short-term memory
Includes the conscious and active processing of:
Incoming information
Information retrieved from long-term memory
Working memory is more efficient when individuals focus on one task at a time, without distractions.
8
Want to try to see how good your working memory is?
In Class Demonstration
Two-Track Memory System
Implicit (nondeclarative) memory
Retention of learned skills, or classically conditioned associations, without conscious awareness
Formed via automatic processing
Explicit (declarative) memory
Retention of facts and personal events that can be consciously retrieved
Formed via effortful processing
Building Memories
Automatic processing and implicit memories
Implicit memories include automatic skills and classically conditioned associations.
Effortful processing and explicit memories
Explicit memories become automatic with experience and practice.
This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY.
Your two-track mind processes information efficiently via parallel processing, which involves processing of many aspects of a problem at the same time.
This method is the brain’s natural mode of information processing for many functions.
13
Sensory.
7MemoryRevised by Pauline Davey Zeece, University of N.docxblondellchancy
7
Memory
Revised by Pauline Davey Zeece, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
Chapter Overview
Studying memory
Building memories: Encoding
Memory storage
Retrieval: Getting information out
Forgetting
Memory construction errors
Improving memory
Memory
Persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information
Information-processing model
Compares human memory to a computer’s operation
4
Stages in Information-Processing Model
Encoding
Getting information into the memory system
Storage
Retaining encoded information over time
Retrieval
Getting information out of memory storage
Information-Processing Model: Stages in Forming Memories
Recording to-be-remembered information as a fleeting sensory memory
Processing information into short-term memory, where it is encoded through rehearsal
Moving information into long-term memory for later retrieval
Sensory memory: Immediate and very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system
Short-term memory: Activated memory that holds a few items briefly before the information is stored or forgotten
Long-term memory: Relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system
Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences
6
Modified Three-Stage Processing Model of Memory
Atkinson and Shiffrin’s classic three-step model helps us to think about how memories are processed, but today’s researchers recognize other ways long-term memories form.
For example, some information slips into long-term memory via a “back door,” without our consciously attending to it (automatic processing).
And so much active processing occurs in the short-term memory stage that many now prefer to call that stage working memory.
7
Working Memory
Newer understanding of short-term memory
Includes the conscious and active processing of:
Incoming information
Information retrieved from long-term memory
Working memory is more efficient when individuals focus on one task at a time, without distractions.
8
Want to try to see how good your working memory is?
In Class Demonstration
Two-Track Memory System
Implicit (nondeclarative) memory
Retention of learned skills, or classically conditioned associations, without conscious awareness
Formed via automatic processing
Explicit (declarative) memory
Retention of facts and personal events that can be consciously retrieved
Formed via effortful processing
Building Memories
Automatic processing and implicit memories
Implicit memories include automatic skills and classically conditioned associations.
Effortful processing and explicit memories
Explicit memories become automatic with experience and practice.
This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY.
Your two-track mind processes information efficiently via parallel processing, which involves processing of many aspects of a problem at the same time.
This method is the brain’s natural mode of information processing for many functions.
13
Sensory ...
1. MEMORY ‘’ When I was younger, I could remember anything, whether it had happened or not’’ Mark Twain
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6. The Multi-store Model of Memory In 1968 Atkinson & Shiffrin propose the classic three stage memory model
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10. Baddeley’s model of working memory The contemporary model of working memory suggests an attentional control system, the central executive, that is supported by two subsystems, one visual, one verbal
Cartoon of Tulving, a well known memory researcher. He believes that animals don’t have an episodic memory (memory of personal experience eg. Your birthday) so while they may know many things they do not remember past experiences the way we do
Sometimes a certain smell takes you back to your childhood - eg. candy floss for me reminds me of the fair
durations
Epilepsy – tendency to have recurring seizures caused by a sudden burst of activity in the brain. Seizure – uncontrolled movements . Hippocampus – part of the brain that plays role in memory and spatial movement
Central executive – directs your focus eg. Watch tv. The separate mental subsystems allow us to process images and words simultaneously
Write on board - Dual store model (Atkinson and Shiffrin) suggests that the only way to learn new material and commit it to long term memory was via the short term store. It assumed that the longer an item was held in the Short term store more likely it was to go into LTM
Semantic -
Look at the idea of memory trace more for forgetting